Organizers: Sarah M. Guérin, University of Pennsylvania, and Verena Krebs, Ruhr-Universität Bochum
Chair: Sarah M. Guérin, University of Pennsylvania
Local Politics, Long-Distance Diplomacy: Solomonic Ethiopia and Latin Christianity in the 15th Century (Verena Krebs, Ruhr-Universität Bochum)
Broker States, Ecological Thresholds, and Articulated Cities: Comparative Perspectives on the Medieval African Routes (François-Xavier Fauvelle, University of Toulouse)
Routes, Networks, and Connectivity in Early West Africa: Perspective from Glass Beads from Ile-Ife, Nigeria (Eleventh – Fifth Century, AD) (Abidemi Babatunde Babalola, University of Cambridge)
